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}} Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller (; 14 January 18926 March 1984) was a German anti-Nazi theologian〔"Niemöller, (Friedrich Gustav Emil) Martin" The New Encyclopædia Britannica (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993), 8:698.〕 and Lutheran pastor. He is best known for his statement, "First they came for the Socialists, and I did not speak out because I was not a Socialist ...... and there was no one left to speak for me." He was a national conservative and initially a supporter of Adolf Hitler, but he became one of the founders of the Confessional Church, which opposed the nazification of German Protestant churches. He vehemently opposed the Nazis' Aryan Paragraph,〔Martin Stöhr, ''(„…habe ich geschwiegen“. Zur Frage eines Antisemitismus bei Martin Niemöller'' )〕 but made remarks about Jews that some scholars have called antisemitic.〔Michael, Robert. Theological Myth, German Antisemitism, and the Holocaust: The Case of Martin Niemoeller, Holocaust Genocide Studies.1987; 2: 105–122.〕 For his opposition to the Nazis' state control of the churches, Niemöller was imprisoned in Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps from 1937 to 1945.〔Cross, F.L. and E.A. Livingstone, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 975 ''sub loco''〕 He narrowly escaped execution and survived imprisonment. After his imprisonment, he expressed his deep regret about not having done enough to help the victims of the Nazis.〔 He turned away from his earlier nationalistic beliefs and was one of the initiators of the ''Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt''.〔 From the 1950s on, he was a vocal pacifist and anti-war activist, and vice-chair of War Resisters' International from 1966 to 1972.〔Prasad, Devi. War is a Crime against Humanity: the Story of War Resisters' International, London: War Resisters' International, 2005〕 He met with Ho Chi Minh during the Vietnam War and was a committed campaigner for nuclear disarmament. == Youth and World War I participation == Martin Niemöller was born in Lippstadt, then in the Prussian Province of Westphalia (now in North Rhine-Westphalia), on 14 January 1892 to the Lutheran pastor Heinrich Niemöller and his wife Pauline (née Müller), and grew up in a very conservative home.〔 In 1900 the family moved to Elberfeld where he finished school, taking his abitur exam in 1908. He began a career as an officer of the Imperial Navy of the German Empire, and in 1915 was assigned to U-boats. His first ship was . In October of that year he joined the submarine mother ship , followed by training on the submarine . In February 1916 he became second officer on , which was assigned to the Mediterranean in April 1916.〔''Current Biography 1943'', pg.555〕 There the submarine fought on the Saloniki front, patrolled in the Strait of Otranto and from December 1916 onward planted mines in front of Port Said and was involved in commerce raiding. Flying a French flag as a ruse of war, the SM ''U-73'' sailed past British warships and torpedoed two Allied troopships and a British man-of-war. In January 1917 Niemöller was navigator of . Later he returned to Kiel, and in August 1917 he became first officer on , which attacked numerous ships at Gibraltar, in the Bay of Biscay, and other places. During this time the SM ''U-151'' crew set a record by sinking 55,000 tons of Allied ships in 115 days at sea. In May 1918 he became commander of the . Under his command, ''UC-67'' achieved a temporary closing of the French port of Marseille by sinking ships in the area, by torpedoes, and by the laying of mines.〔 For his achievements, Niemöller was awarded the Iron Cross First Class. When the war drew to a close, he decided to become a preacher, a story he later recounted in his book ''Vom U-Boot zur Kanzel'' (''From U-boat to Pulpit''). At war's end, Niemöller resigned his commission, as he rejected the new democratic government of the German Empire that formed after the resignation of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Martin Niemöller」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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